|
|
|
№ 5 (180), 15 may 2015
Pedagogics
Gladyshev G.M. ACADEMIC DRAWING AS THE BASIS OF ART OF THE DESIGNER AND ARCHITECTIf we start from the generally accepted in the world community provisions on the recognition of the figure the basis of fine art providing legal leadership in the core academic disciplines, the issue of academic drawing even more topical in the preparation process of the designer, the architect. If the drawing is a means of efficient communication between artist, architect, designer with the outside world, the tasks of academic drawing, academic discipline, are instilling students, future architects and designers of the basic skills of vision of the surrounding world and its adequate image on the picture plane. Later in the article the basic tasks of professional activity of future designers, as the mastery of techniques of creative art process of forming; the prospecting sketches, compositional solutions of the design object. What, therefore, determines the need for education of future architects and designers developed spatial thinking aimed at permanent solutions to three-dimensional problems in the process of teaching academic drawing. The article describes the levels of the interaction and interrelationship of the imagination and thinking of the individual student as a dialectical unity that are refined and deepened through the study and practice of art-visual activities. Creativity with the dominance in the process of thinking can be seen as an imagination. In conclusion, conclusions are drawn that picture for future architects and designers is one of the most important academic disciplines, which gives the basic knowledge without which it is impossible the formation of a specialist and professional. However, to date there is a catastrophic reduction in their teaching load on such subjects as academic drawing, academic painting, academic sculpture. Key words: academic, academic art school, classical antiquity, academic drawing, art and creativity, cognitive abilities, spatial thinking, artistic thinking, the imagination.
Gorbunova G.A., Savelyeva O.P. TO THE QUESTION OF THE CONTINUITY OF DESIGN-EDUCATION: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS The author considers the current situation in design education and design activities. They indicate the need for studies of mass simulation design activity and single out the main problems of continuous education in the field of design. They determine its relevance and consider the essence of design education from the positions of Federal state educational standards in General and higher education, when there is a shift from "knowledge" of education is to educate individuals capable of original solutions, creativity, self-learning.The authors examine the stages of design education in different age groups (preschool 5,5—7 years younger schoolboy 7—10 years, teen 11—16 years 17—19 years and older) and define objectives and approaches of education at each stage. The article reveals the features and methodological approaches to design education at the initial stages; distinguished leading activities and assignments that develop communication, math, manipulative, social and personal abilities of students, which ultimately leads to the formation and development of active and creative approach in the perception of the various phenomena of nature and the new vision of the world in children and adolescents.Key words: design education, child, adolescent, continuing education.
Ilyasheva H.V. MANAGERIAL ASPECT IN THE TRAINING OF FUTURE DESIGNERS OF GARMENTS TO PROJECT ACTIVITIESStudied management aspect in the preparation of future designers seamstresses-tion products to project activities. The article reflects the principles of consistency, system approach, system analysis, which has its own specifics, which is manifested above all in the running functions. Managerial aspect in the preparation of future designers of garments to project activities, along with teachers, students and consumers of the project, provides even distribution of labour and responsibility, the process of communication and in our opinion necessary scientific approach to management. The article management, communication and self-esteem in the preparation of future designers of garments to the project activity appears as a kind of operado received a system with the purpose, structure, factors and conditions of the running of the. Management and communication is viewed as interaction between the teacher and the student; the interaction of students among themselves in the implementation of the research project, highlighting how the student's head designer, responsible for the artistic part of the project and the student designer-contractor's technical-th project; interaction with the consumer of the project. The results of successful management, communication and self-government are presented thesis projects, feedback from supervisors, feedback leaders practices and consumers of sewing projects for new products, which increases self-esteem and motivation for further professional activity. Key words: system, system analysis, management, communication, samoocenka.
Kasatova G., Lymareva J. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE HAVE BACHELORS TECHNOLOGY EDUCATIONThe problem of formation of professional competencies due to the transition to the tiered system (bachelor — master) and a sharp reduction in training time. Current conditions make it necessary to change certain and methodological conditions for the full formation of professional competencies. The analysis of the scientific and methodological literature revealed changes in the structure competencies. The result was a model of professional competencies and levels of matrix formation and relationship components of professional competence to solve a variety of problems in everyday, professional and social life: the problems of development in professional mobility of students, instilling in them the ability to think creatively and independently with fundamentally new challenges. For the implementation of the resulting matrix into practice Bachelor authors was defined relationship types vocational educational objectives and basic levels of competence formation problem, providing access beyond traditional performance activities, the search for new non-standard ways to solve professional problems and overcoming stereotypes of his professional and personal experience. The process of formation of professional competence mediated professionally meaningful activities and social situation. The effectiveness of the formation of professional competencies depends on important factors such as giving the content and technology professional and educational process in educational institutions in developing character through consistent professional development of a system of interconnected activities by solving professional problems.Key words: baccalaureate, technology education, the formation of professional competencies, levels formation of competencies.
Rusakova T.G., Breusova T.A. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE STUDY OF ARCHITECTURAL STYLES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLSummary. In the federal state educational standard of general education it is noted that "the study of fine arts at school aims at inculcating an artistic way of understanding the world, giving a system of knowledge and values on the basis of their own artistic and creative activities and experiences of initiation of the outstanding phenomena of Russian and foreign art and culture". Architecture — the biggest of all kinds of plastic arts, we come into contact with its works more often than with any other. Architectural structures, creating a distinctive architectural environment, allow to explore the cultural and historical processes in the context of artistic perception of the world. Architecture surrounds us, it makes it possible to study the historical development of people, cities, to consider the changing worldview. In the school curricula introduction to architecture at fine arts lessons provides a variety of forms: the rules of linear perspective, drawing architectural objects from nature , drawing from memory and performance. The study of architecture implies the existence of a certain school of baggage of knowledge obtained in the course of other disciplines: history, literature, drawing. Offering for the perception a work of architecture, studying its artistic language with high school students can reveal a new connection with the integration of these academic subjects. This makes the prospect of adding the education system taking into account the cultural heritage of the native land, an integral part of the experience of the entire Russian people. The article analyzes the architectural styles of the city of Orenburg (classicism, Empire, Neo-Gothic, Art Nouveau, and others.), examines their specificity, characteristic of the local buildings and suggests guidelines for teaching architectural styles to pupils of 8 forms in secondary schools.Key words: architecture, architectural style, architectural history, secondary school, fine arts lessons, recommendations on teaching methods.
Tarasova O.P., Haliullina O.R. THE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE CONCEPTS OF "ABILITY TO DESIGN" AND "CREATIVITY" IN THE CONTEXT OF DESIGN ACTIVITYIn a previous paper the authors have disclosed the essence of the concepts of "ability to design" and "creativity". In the context of design activities identified and studied schematically shows the relationship definitions. This paper proposes a general description of the structural components of the concepts of "ability to design" and "creativity" (goal-setting, professional competence, innovation and reflection), as well as their specific components. The authors argue that the identified components (goal-setting, professional competence, innovation and reflection) in the structure of both the studied concepts consistent. Each of them covers different aspects of the creative act, complement and reinforce in the practical implementation of creative ideas and self-designer in the product design. Undertaken by the authors attempt to summarize the scientific knowledge in the field of design culture, in panoramic allowed to submit their essence. Since these definitions are fundamental to the design, the designer must be clearly recorded and breeding, defining the boundaries of each project in the field of practice. Key words: design, ability to design, creativity, structural components.
Chepurova O.B., Smekalov I.V. SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS OF DESIGN EDUCATION IN SOUTH URAL. HISTORY AND PRESENTIn article design education development stages, as socially significant factor in formation of quality indicators of the modern environment are defined. The importance of system of design education, in implementation of activities for formation of professional design and creative community is caused. The little-known facts about activity in the province of the state free art workshops (SFAW) of an avant-garde orientation (1919-1920) and art and industrial schools of various specialization in capital Vkhutemas's sample are given as an example of distribution of revolutionary design ideas in regions of Russia (1920-1922). The sociocultural ideology of avant-gardists directed on formation of an occupation layer of a new formation, which is a basis of all methodological practice of modern design is considered. It is analyzed possibilities of development of traditions of schools of avant-gardists in the conditions of modern design education in regions. Various social aspects of design activity of designers and architects in regions reveal. The most demanded scopes of the creative ideas directed on modernization and improvement of sociocultural life support of the person in society are considered. Current trends of socialization of design activity of architects and designers are revealed. Qualitative productivity of design design activity is defined by its role in ensuring process of sociocultural integration of design ideas into system the individual — the sociocultural environment society and promotes interaction of design as design culture with social institutes. The received results allowed to specify activities of designers within their interaction with social institutes and to define the status of design activity of designers in Russia. Key words: sociocultural ideology of avant-gardists, design education, design culture, socialization of design activity.
Shevchenko O.N. PROEKTIVOGRAFIYA AS A WAY OF IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF DESIGN ENGINEERING The article discusses proektivografiya way as an alternative to the descriptive geometry for preparation of geometry designers in high school. It is proposed that proektivografiya provides the creative process with the innovation level of creative thought, which is achieved only by special "projective" methods of transformation in agreement with the practice of combinatorial mathematical method based on the study of all possible permutations of spatial elements and their sorting options. Raises the problem of mathematical training of designers, in particular, the lack of knowledge of projective geometry in the educational results. The paper concluded that there was an insufficient geometric component in educational programs of the future designers. The paper highlights the problem of software for creating proektivografic drawings and of its usage by designers for making projects. The article shows the possibility of creating structural and geometric fields with the aid of computer programs using software for automatic construction of complex composite solutions. It is proved that the automation of the process at the stage of development of the concept contributes to the development of a new style, especially when the authors of projects use various computer programs that allow infinite variety of approaches and principles for creating structural and geometric fields and create a special type of video field on screen.Key words: descriptive geometry, proektivografiya, software, design engineering.
Humanitarian sciences
Vasilchenko A.A HISTORY TECHNIQUES OF KNITTING (TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF DELICATE PUHOVYAZANIA ON SOUTH URAL)The historical examples of development and application of hand artistic handicraft — knittings are examined in the article. In material some questions of origin of delicate of South Ural are affected also as the unique artistic phenomenon inseparable from history of development of technique of knitting. Technique of knitting it is a variety of textile technique in hand execution, time and place of origin of that exactly are not set. The results of archaeological excavations testify that knitting since olden times was widespread in many countries of the world. So, the earliest fromknintwears the wares found in Egypt and dated IX and X centuries of our era are considered. On the hypothesis of William Felkina, knitting was known yet in the days of Trojan war. In XV—XVI centuries, knitting actively enough spreads on Europe and grows into domestic employment and profitable handicraft. Thus, cudya on archaeological finds, it is possible to assert that the technique of knitting has a national origin and substantial community of ancient ornamentalnyih forms and handicraft receptions. It is important to mark also,thathe technique of knitting possesses originality and regional features historically, and, simultaneously, stipulates functional unity, community of technology and ornamentatsii of knits at nationalities resident in many countries of the world, and also on territory of Russia and nearby with her regions. In Russia history of origin of knitting also is not certain a temporal period. From sheep wool of the domestic spinning since olden times bound mittens, mittens, socks, knee-guards. The patterned varicoloured knitting is more studied in our country on spokes is an ancient, original type of artistic handicraft. Development and perfection of receptions of hand-knit resulted in forming of varieties of this eldest type of needlework of the — knitting on spokes, by a hook, on a "fork", on a knitting machine. The historically folded ancient ornamentalnyie forms and handicraft receptions of technique of knitting on spokes became artistically-technological basis of modern artistic handicraft of — of the delicate shawl knitting of South Ural. A question about priority influence of certain etno-kulturnyih traditions on the process of origin and development of delicate puhovyazania in this region serves as until now the article of disagreements among scientists. Suppositions speak out on the basis of the archived data and archaeological researches, that hand handicraft the — weaving and knitting of — was one of the most ancient traditional domestic employments at the tyurkoyazyichnyih people of South Ural, that knew the rational methods of menage, receptions of purveyance of yarn and of knitting downy wares. However, in spite of presence of wares from a fuzz, researchers consider that nomads — Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kirghizs et al did not have tradition of delicate puhovyazania. According to statement of scientists, an origin and development of this tradition stipulated forming of environment of the cossacks on territories of South Ural, predominance of Russians in socially-ethnic composition of population of Orenburzhya, their knowledge of traditions and techniques of woman needlework — knitting, weaving, kruzhevopleteniya. Analysing the artistically-technological features of technique of delicate puhovyazania and Orenburg delicate shawls, scientists came to the conclusion, that delicate puhovyazanie of South Ural attained the greatest development in Orenburzhe.Key words: technique of knitting, development, delicate puhovyazanie, South Ural, Orenburzhe.
Grigoriev A.D., Zakharchenko T.U. THE CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL ARTArt has always actively respond to both changing social structures and relationships. Design is the main conductor of the contemporary art form as Digital Art.In this paper, digital art is considered by us as a philosophical and conceptual direction in art that goes beyond the graphic and traditional principles of art. The origins of art "Digital Art" lie in contemporary artistic movements — Dadaism. Dada (Dadaisme) is interpreted as a reaction to the tragedy and pointlessness of the First World War. The importance of the semantic content of the article is that the Dadaists sought to go beyond the existing understanding of the world through phonetic, grammatical and semantic mechanisms of human speech. The main features of Dada were: disagreement with the accepted rules of art and the desire to break them; scandal, provocation, shock — shock the audience and the leitmotif of consciousness; chaos, anti-logic and irrationality, view as anti-art — art plant and equipment; use in the works of certain forms of nihilism as an extreme form of skepticism. This article describes the stages of development of digital art, which were based on the newly created group and their founders.Thus, digital art, is based on three fundamental concepts: 1) Random Access — (pseudo) non-deterministic, based on instructions algorithms offer the possibility of instant access to multimedia elements that can be rearranged (shuffle), seemingly endless combinations; 2) Virtual — a physical object is transformed into a virtual object or concept. The concept itself becomes tangible through virtualization / perception; 3) Interactivity — the viewer can take an active role in influencing and changing the work itself. Digital art can be defined as art that explores the computer, engineering, technology and digitally encoded information content as a tool for creativity and material. Digital content is defined as information material capable of becoming a conductor of the basic idea, act to send the message or send the main.Key words: digital art, modern, high technology, Dada, direction spearheading, telecommunicative technology group EAT.
Epifanova A.G. DESIGN IN ACTUAL ADVERTISING DISCOURSE: SOCIOCULTURAL SENSES AND FUNCTIONSAs an integral part of contemporary visual culture, current promotional product has a high content, targeting the mass consumer and extreme emotional intensity. The authors set the goal to show how design, are closely related to modern advertising market, it allows a person to identify themselves with a certain cultural space through visual images, emotions. The authors argue that the advertising of XXI Century provides not only relaying achievements of culture, but also is an integral part of the process of socialization of the modern individual. In terms of artistic communication, today's advertising creates a visual model through new ideological methods and mechanisms of visualization. Analyzing the visual culture, the authors show that it largely determines the direction of consumer choice, which entails a clear division between those products that are due to a successful and effective advertising will buy, and subsequently, to discuss a particular discursive field, and those that go unnoticed due to falling advertising inaccurate manner in accordance discursive field. Further, in the light of the classification of the perception of art, created by P. Sobolev identified backbone function design — to create functionally convenient, beautiful and necessary consumer goods and communicative, semiotic and created by man functions. In conclusion, it argues that today, creating promotional product, we can not consider it as a product specially designed for the designer of the project, but as a means of advertising design generated a significant socio-cultural message, the text is both a product and a creative and professional activity of the modern cultural process, and the mechanism of adaptation allows a person to identify themselves with a certain cultural space through a visual image, image, emotion, determine the meaning and content of the message.Key words: design, advertising discourse, socio-cultural space, visual culture, product advertising.
Zhdanov N.S., Zhdanov A.A. UNIFICATION AND VARIETY OF THE DECOR OF PLATBANDS OF HOUSES IN SETTLEMENTS OF SOUTH URAL THE MIDDLE OF THE XX CENTURYIn this work at first the history of influence of unification on the Russian architecture in general and on architecture of "empire style" in particular is considered. Then authors paid attention to changes in the device of rural houses of the beginning of the XX century which were caused by scientific and technical progress. At considerable changes in rural houses the traditional design of a window with a sun blind, and also their decorative registration with use of national symbolics remained. These tendencies were characteristic and for rural construction of South Ural where there were five types of windows which elements underwent during the post-war period of unification. It was shown not only in use of windows of the identical size that allowed to organize mass preparation of construction designs, but also in production of identical decorative elements. As proof of a wide circulation of unification, authors give examples of windows from the different geographically far located villages and the settlements of Bashkortostan and Chelyabinsk region. National masters of this time addressed to heritage of the beginning of the century that allowed them to avoid monotony in composite schemes of registration of platbands. Studying of dressing of windows of the middle of the XX century confirms the thesis that our national art is an inexhaustible source of inspiration for national masters.Key words: unification of constructive elements, post-war rural construction, types of platbands, variety of decorative registration.
Zhelondievskaia L.V., Barysheva V.E. MANIFEST AS A TOOL OF STRATEGIC DESIGN IN ART AND DESIGNThe article relevance is due to the acute need for new project thinking in design and architecture. For the purpose of search for future design technologies it is necessary to study and understand methods, used in the earlier project work, at the time of stylistic trends fracture. Declaration of an artist's position, expressed in the form of a manifesto, is one of the main instruments of strategic planning. The article analyzes the manifestos of the most problematic periods of cultural development as the key to the solution of contemporary issues. The article deals with artistic manifestos that have become iconic in terms of changes in design methods, that are turning to a different style formation and understanding of the art role and place in the historical process. One of such cruсial periods is the Avant-garde of 20-s of XX century. "Manifesto of Futurism" by F. T. Marinetti is one of the most iconic ones in terms of fundamental changes in the artistic paradigm. Its theses were stronger and more expressive than the creative works based on them. The manifestos of Futurism themselves became an avant-garde product that influenced the history of art movements. Since then the manifesto has become an indispensable instrument for the expression of new ideas. The Suprematism is one of the most important trends of the avant-garde, which has attracted the attention of artists, designers and researchers for about a century. In this article the Suprematismis being considered through declarations and manifestos, in terms of its contribution to the search for design technology of the twentieth century. The subject is analyzed on the example of the founder and ideologist of this art movement — Kazimir Malevich. Creative and research heritage of Malevich is studied from the perspective of a project concept. As for the modern examples, inter alia, the following works are reviewed: the manifestos of Ken Garland 1963, "Manifesto 2000", creative credo of American designer B. Papanek stated in his book "Design for the Real World" in 1971, philosophy and creative postulates of English designer Karim Rashid.Key words: the Manifest, project, technology, Marinetti, Malevich, Suprematism, concept.
Mikhaylov S.M., Mikhaylova A.S. POST-INDUSTRIAL DESIGN: PREREQUISITES, SIGNS, STYLES Article is devoted to the concept "post-industrial design", its main distinctive signs, prerequisites of emergence, and also the main art and stylistic currents of post-industrial design. Change of the doctrine of industrial design upon its transition to a post-industrial stage was predetermined by the happening changes in modern society of post-industrialism connected by technological revolution and development of information technologies, and together with them dematerialization and demassifikation of production, revaluation of values and reconsideration of all basic characteristics of industrial society, emergence of new type of the consumer — the "aesthetic" person, essential changes of ideas of comfort of environment. It is necessary to distinguish from the most essential distinctive signs of post-industrial design: miniaturization, virtuality, augmented reality, interactivity, artificial intelligence, emergence of biomechanical forms. Traditional types of synthesis of fine and plastic arts with architecture start giving way to new forms of synthetic interaction of design with architecture, with monumental and decorative, landscape and town-planning art, sculpture, ergonomics today and so forth. In design the new art and style currents reflecting features of development of society in a post-industrial stage resulted: biomorphism, rough-and-redi, sensualism, kontemporarism, fusion, shebbi-chic, and also global historical architectural and art style — parametric style.Key words: post-industrial society, postinustrialny design, art and style currents, information technologies.
Mihajlova A., Husnutdinova L.R. THE EVOLUTION OF NATIONAL COMPONENT IN INDUSTRIAL DESIGNIn article one of unique components of design — national component is considered. Relevance of the studied question in connection with transition of our society to a post-industrial form of development is reasoned. Authors apply phenomenal and geographical and synergetic approaches to creation of the main models of evolution of a national component in industrial design of the different countries. Graphic visualization of models of the different nations of design on the example of Japan, the USA, Germany, Italy and Scandinavia are applied. In total 6 models of national and international components in subject design of the XX century were allocated: constant of a national component (continuous existence of the bright national line in a shaping regardless of production type), expansion of a national component in international (the line of national shaping which main receptions become basis of industrial design), synchronization of national and international components (international often addresses to initial roots of national workmanship), replacement of a national component international (international becomes the main national component), a conglomerate of international and national components (national model which bears in itself a conglomerate of signs of two or several nations), autonomy of national and international components (the international and national directions in a shaping develop almost independently). The presented models of interaction of national and international components allow to see history of development of design through a prism of synergetic and also allow to see a national component not only as a phenomenon of the separate nations, but also as difficult multicomponent model.Key words: design history, historical method, polylinearity, synergetic.
Mkrtchyan S.V. CONTEXT AS A CONCEPT AT THE DESIGNThe notion of "context" (contextual method, kontekstualizm) is being discussed in various fields of Arts and Sciences: in Linguistics, philosophy, psychology, history, mathematics, Informatics, physics, architecture and design. Versatile use of the term "context" is quite common in modern interdisciplinary relationship of art, natural history and human sciences; terminological and methodological interpenetration which stimulates the production of new tasks and often leads to new insights into the famous professional problems. It is not surprising that it is sometimes used a wide variety of meanings. Therefore, in consideration of the context in the environmental design is crucial to stay motivated, professional style and focus on the methodological and practical reasoning. In environmental design context has long been recognized instrument at the same time interesting and creative context: expands the boundaries of theory, practice and techniques of professional activities; It is related to all stages of design-from the birth plan based on perceptions of the environment-and up until the time when the project plan is materialized and shall be the assessment and interpretation of the various social groups. Thus, in our case the context captures at once the birth of design intent as a creative event, and interpretation of the finished project as an event of perception or exclusion. Context in design and architecture became the subject of a number of theoretical studies; quite deeply studied and described the background and contextual aspects of the period, the process of its birth, development trends and characteristics of the modern understanding of. We touch on some private, but substantial and unstudied issues associated with the specific understanding of the term "context" and its use in the design environment, the relationship of contexts and structures, the Environment Division environment contexts by types, methodological and practical applicability of contexts, etc., these issues are considered only a first approximation and require deeper study separately. The simultaneous presence of them in this article is based, above all, their interaction and interrelatedness and aims to create a preliminary theoretical positions.Key words: context, architectural design environment, border environment contexts, typing contexts, environments, external environmental contexts, the internal environment contexts.
Popova D.M. TRANSFORMATION OF BOOK DESIGN OF THE CHILDREN'S BOOK-TOYBook design of the book toy — dynamically developing design-form. In article transformation of a book form on the example of the children's book-toy is considered. Interaction of the child with a design form of the book-toy allows to track active inclusion of game in a book plot. Process of change of a design means inclusion of the game elements allowing the child in a game manner independently to make decisions to alter a book form. Therefore in article the advantages of inclusion of game elements in a children's book design presented in the scheme allowing to see visually communication of game and a book design of the book toy are considered. Modification of a design form is traced on the example of two methods of transformation of a book form. The designer, projecting a new book design form, includes game process in a design or complicates the existing types of designs by means of additional elements (inclusion of the developing and didactic elements, game characters and tactile inserts). Within scientific research experiment with children of four-five years for detection of functional qualities of the book toy was made. Four options of interaction of the child with a book form and ways of transformation of a book design were as a result revealed. Having analysed results of experiment the typology of ways of transformation of a design form of the book toy for the first time is given in article. Thus, two methods of transformation of a book design (a method of inclusion of game elements in a design form of the book edition and a method of complication of the existing types of books toys) which design form changes as a result of inclusion of game elements and methods of transformation by means of which there is a modification of a children's book design form in the course of design are given in article.Key words: Кey words: the children's book-toy, transformation of a book design, design-form, game elements.
Putintseva T.A. SEARCH TECHNOLOGY CREATIVE SOLUTIONS IN THE DESIGN OF SYMBOLIC FORMSIn the article the specific methods that can intensify the thought process of the designer, including — search techniques of creative design solutions in the design of trademarks, approved by the author during many years of practice in professional and academic design. Identified and agreed to the use of the most effective modern methods of finding creative solutions to design iconic forms. These methods form the basis of interactive technologies used in the design and design education. Namely, at the stage of pre-research — identifying visual inconsistencies and questionnaire; at the stage of creating design concepts — methods of generating creative ideas — brainstorming of various kinds, "methods to eliminate deadlocks," thought to guide the designer to update and productive work (transformation, search for new relationships, revaluation of design problems). The search technology of creative solutions in design engineering is constantly evolving, according to changes in design tasks that are dependent on time, place and the mentality of the target group. They develop, in accordance with the conditions of the market, with the possibilities of modern technologies and trends in the social and cultural relationships. Modern interactive technologies have greatly intensify and deepen this process. The use of modern effective technologies of search of creative solutions in design of symbolic forms will contribute to achieving the maximum semantic content and stylistic expression landmark visual environment and object-spatial environment as a whole, created by designer. Their study, application and development of permanent deserve high attention of specialists, beginners and professional designers.Key words: design, symbolic forms, trademark, creativity, search for creative solutions.
Savelieva I.N. ART AND DESIGN ANALYSIS OF MIDDLE FOLK COSTUMES FOREIGN (CENTRAL ASIA, KAZAKHSTAN)The article presents some results of the study of traditional male and female service of the Central Asian peoples (Uzbeks and Tajiks), as well as Kazakhstan. The study was conducted on the basis of the study of original objects stored in the collections of the museums of St. Petersburg and Almaty. Considered not only clothes and assortment composition, and amendments thereto: hats, shoes, belts, jewelry and so on. This work was carried out taking into account zoning and climate, as well as taking into account the major occupations of the people. Was analyzed in detail the constructive device of each of the samples of service. Completed the sweep of their cut and determine the sizes of its constituent parts. Also determined the amount of detail in the scan of each of the species range: shirts, pants, coats, outerwear, dresses, sleeveless jackets, swing skirts, jackets. Marked as shared similar elements present in the costumes of various Nations: Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kazakhs, but also inherent pronounced features. On the basis of investigations made classification of the types of cuts identified the frequency of occurrence of silhouette forms, the nature and direction of articulation, types of finishes, colours and patterns on fabrics. The study was conducted on the basis of the developed successfully and repeatedly tested approach art and design analysis. This enabled us to determine the morphological structure of compositional and structural language of folk costume. Folk costume reviewed by us as a full-fledged phenomenon of anodizing in which there is a perfect physical embodiment of complex functions.Key words: folk costume, etnodesign, art and design analysis, Central Asia, Kazakhstan.
Savelyeva I.N., Upine A.M. ON THE QUESTION OF DETERMINING THE PREFERRED COMPOSITIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOTHING FOR OLDER WOMENThe article describes the set of experiments devoted to clothing for older women. The problem of design and manufacturing service for this category of consumers for many years is still not fully resolved, and therefore relevant. Clothes for older women little satisfies their requirements to the range, the style, the materials used, design features and the level of modernity. One important issue to solve is to analyse the components of the service of pensioners, expressed through its composition and design. Has developed a comprehensive methodology for conducting experiments. The first phase included the identification of a number of characteristics of a representative sample of women, including the definition of personality type test Eysenck. The second stage included a description of the methodology and results of the artistic analysis of the elements and means of composition, used in clothes from her own wardrobe women in the older age group. This analysis, the results of which are shown in the two diagrams in the frequency of occurrence demonstrated what compositional-structural elements and tools dominate the clothing of women in the older age group. The next stage of the work is devoted to the study of the elements and means of service composition, which is preferred for women with different personality types. These data also clearly shown in the diagrams. Reviewed the following items: assortment, style solution, silhouette, cut the sleeves and collar, division form horizontally and vertically, materials, color, texture, pattern on fabric, proportion, rhythm.Key words: costume design, art and design analysis, preferences, closet, age.
Smekalov I.V., Shleiuk S.G. STYLING AND INTERPRETATION OF STYLE IN THE PROVINCEThe basis for the formation of artistic style are social, economic and political factors that make building a new system of views on the concept of beauty and harmony, is finding a new form that is fundamentally different from the standards and canons of the previous style. The most active style manifests itself in the centers of culture of the capital and major cities. Shape, material and artistic culture of great style, penetrating into the province and going through the adaptation period, naturally organically transformed by exposure to the environment. Is the formation of regional provincial style with its creative techniques and methods, local means of expression while maintaining the commonality shaped style system and the unity of the ideological and artistic content. This process requires extensive research. The article contains the analysis of the terminology of the concept of "style", the list of authors dealing with the problem of style formation. The process of penetration in the form of architecture, design and decorative arts of the elements, motifs, echoes of folk and national culture of a particular area. Determined that under the influence of environment, shape, material and artistic culture are transformed, enriched with elements of local traditions, in search of individual provincial artistic image. In fact, the process of stylization and artistic interpretation of the style. The process of penetration in the form of architecture, design and decorative arts of the elements, motifs, echoes of folk and national culture of a particular area. Determined that under the influence of environment, shape, material and artistic culture are transformed, enriched with elements of local traditions, in search of individual provincial artistic image. In fact, the process of stylization and artistic interpretation of the style. Regional provincial style is characterized by its heterogeneity. Here is the importance of social belonging architectural building or decorative object associated, including its geographical location within the village. Note that in the provincial structure is most often used not the whole set of artistic style methods, but only those that can be reproduced in the specific context of a specific material, that is, in the process of adaptation to the environment is natural selection of decorative elements.Every country town has its individual culture in the overall metasystem great culture of the country, the culture of style. In this particular value the province of art, which is why it is necessary to maintain and continue to develop.Key words: style, stylization, province, artistic interpretation, architecture, design, decorative arts.
Upine N.D. THE STUDY OF VISUAL PERCEPTION BY STUDENTS IN THE APPEARANCE OF THE TEACHER AS PORTRAYED BY THE COSTUME DESIGNThe article defines a number of concepts associated with the following problem: the perception, the structure of the reception of information, attention and characterize its properties, impact (educational impact), interaction (including visual interaction and pedagogical interaction) and, finally, the impression. The article shows the developed algorithmic structure of the classification scheme for types of perception, gradually leading to the formation of impressions. Next, the article describes the method developed by us experiments in terms of the educational institution with the participation of students and teacher. Was also applied scientific research method by which to change one of the factors that influence the outcome of the experiment at a constant other. In this case it was a change in the image of the teacher using the variability range of clothes, her looks, colours and design of the material surface, as well as accessories and shoes. The experiment was repeated three times. In all cases, the teacher was dressed differently. If a short pilot survey on a specic topic was defined variant of the costume of the teacher and his compositional and structural characteristics, where the level of learning was significantly higher. The results of this part of the experiment shown in the form of a diagram and a table of comparative results of student responses. The article considers the causal relationship between style, colour and other characteristics of the costume of the teacher and levels of attention and learning of students of educational material. In conclusion generalized theoretical model of visual interaction between teachers and students.Key words: costume design, teacher, student, experiment, visual interaction.
Chepurov I.V. REFLECTION OF MENTALITY OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE IN GRAPHIC FORMS OF EXPRESSION COMIC IN THE PERIOD OF XVII — THE BEGINNINGS OF THE XX CENTURYIn article process formation of the Russian mentality and reflection of its specifics in graphic forms of expression comic is considered. The author carries out the analysis of graphic forms of expression of individual and public reactions to internal external changes — crises in policy and economy, church reforms, wars, etc., detection of the features of the Russian mentality reflected in national and professional creativity: caricatures, book and journal illustrations, social advertizing. First of all, in article models of national creativity as one of the first, most striking examples of visualization by the Russian person of the reactions to social and economic factors are considered. In a certain degree comically they represented rituals of a family cycle, scenarios of festivities, elements of life and an occupation of peasants and handicraftsmen. Also, also the policy of the Russian state didn't remain unaddressed. The basten pictures which were actively printed by the Russian masters in the XVII-XIX centuries were the main form of a graphic representation of "sore subjects". At the beginning of the XX century household plots found a wide circulation in works of Bilibin, Benois, Dobuzhensky, Bakst and other famous artists of the Russian modernist style. They also skillfully continued in the comical narration form of life of the Russian people in the works. At the same time, in connection with forcing of national disorders, appeared more and more illustrations of the satirical contents in which rebelliousness of the oppressed Russian peasantry is shown. Since the beginning of the XX century of a form comic gradually gain accusatory character. Having in many respects adopted stylistics of the basten picture "new national handymen" visualize actual social problems of that time. Thus, visualization of characteristic features of the Russian mentality, the image by artists of internal processes, both personal, and public character, it was very often shown through forms of the comic.Key words: mentality, comic, self-irony, humor, satire.
Chepurova O.B. "WOODEN" MODERNIST STYLE OF THE PROVINCE AS PHENOMENONIN DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE TURN OF CENTURIESThe result of researches of the architectural structures executed in style of a "wooden" modernist style widespread in country towns of our country is presented in article. Relevance of this research is that still there are many questions in the field of formation in domestic architecture of the certain direction in modernist style — a "wooden" modernist style. Distinctive features of composite decisions in decorative finishing of the structures which are in various regions including, in Orenburgskoi areas aren't revealed. There is a lot of a scientific and publicistic literature acquainting us with features of a foreign and domestic modernist style, however, the researches systematizing all information on a provincial modernist style and in detail the architectural works considering layer, receptions of a wooden pro-saw carving, representing connection traditional for Russia, and the principles of a shaping, nonconventional for wooden housing construction, in modernist style, still wasn't carried out. The result of an organized series of expeditions for search and research of architectural monuments of a wooden modernist style in suburbs of Moscow and St. Petersburg and in the cities of Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Samara, Orenburg, Buzuluk, Bugruslan, Kuvandyk, Orsk and so forth is presented. The disappearing "wooden" modernist style of suburbs of Moscow and St. Petersburg, how many feature of the remained numerous wooden architectural constructions in the cities of Russia and, in particular, in the city of Buzuluk of the Orenburg region became the key moment in an object of research not so much. The attention on architectural heritage of the city of Buzuluk which striking trait is rare (it is possible to declare safely — unique) the phenomenon of mass ordinary building is focused by the wooden structures (more than 80) representing a peculiar interpretation of modernist style. In article the method of virtual reconstruction at this stage allowing to create the electronic version valuable from the historical and art criticism points of view, a complex of architectural objects is described. Key words: modernist style, architectural heritage, wooden modernist style, provincial architecture, wooden pro-saw carving, virtual reconstruction.
Shleiuk S.G. ARTISTIC INTERPRETATION OF THE STYLE OF THE DECORATIVE ELEMENTS IN THE PROVINCE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ORENBURG)The process of adaptation of the style in the province gives the possibility to reconstruct a more complete and accurate picture of the development of cultural and artistic treasures with regard to local specifics. The turn of XIX—XX centuries in the border multinational Orenburg was active in the construction of architectural monuments in art Nouveau style. Maintaining ideological stylistic content of modernity, erecting buildings Orenburg synthesized in a constructive and decorative filling local traditions with elements of the new style. Critical to the functional-structural and decorative-applied solution of architectural monuments provided in addition to local climatic conditions, social and national composition of the population, nature, local traditions — the identity of the particular customer, characterized by the type of building and its placement within the city. So, if in the construction of architectural structures the design part was done by a professional architect, as a rule, the building had good funding, was located in the Central part of the city, was often social, administrative functions, and its architectural and decorative solution was an artistic interpretation of the style, as close to the benchmark. Completely different level of style formation in the province is owned by private buildings, merchant houses, which are located at a distance from the center. Here are the basis of local construction and artistic traditions that persist for a long time almost unchanged, which gradually incorporated new styles applied decorative elements. On the material of modern architecture in the city of Orenburg in the article the comparative analysis and graphical reconstruction of decorative ornamental motifs of buildings of various types, located in the Central part and the periphery.Key words: style, stylization, province, artistic interpretation, architecture, design, ornament.
Yanshina M.M. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ART AND DESIGN PRODUCTS GARTER ORENBURG PUHOVYAZALNY FISHERIESThe article refers to the Orenburg puhovyazalnom fisheries as one of the world's most famous cultural phenomena, and the primary product of fishing — knitted scarf. Orenburg shawl is considered from the standpoint of theoretical and methodological principles of design. The study was conducted Garter products by the method of Art and Design Analysis (ADA) to determine the harmonization of the laws of garter products and then use these patterns to design the design of various items of clothing using the Orenburg goat down. Gathering material for ADA produced by documentary observation. Photographic materials obtained from various sources: Factory site Orenburg downy shawls, site of "Orenburg puhovnitsy" books about Orenburg shawl. The system ADA reviewed 337 products Garter assortment of hand and machine manufacturing. Art and design analysis — a characteristic compositional and structural arrangement Towel products, including a 77 position (geometric form of shapes, lines, articulation, the presence of rhythm, symmetry, color, contrast, nuance, identity, composition and focus, etc.). The results of ADA installed the causes and consequences of changes in the positions of ADA. Determined by the proportion of invariable positions artistic design analysis as well as share options ADA, reduce and increase their performance. According to the study reached the following conclusions: do not change the position of ADA considered constant; are parameters to reduce their rates, considered as no longer valid due to the different kinds of causes; increase performance ADA position can not always be taken for innovation that enhance the aesthetic and technological boundaries fishing, bearing a positive character and showing the growth and development of the fishery. According to the results ADA assumptions were made about the directions of development of the fishery: the diversity of the range of products garter will be achieved through the development of technology of dyeing, the expansion of technological capabilities of the equipment, the emergence of new ornamental patterns knitting, applying surface treatments, integrating the technological objects in the structure of the yarn and knitted fabric.Key words: puhovyazalny fishing, scarf, art and design analysis, technology, structural and decorative, a tradition of innovation.
Architecture
Barsukova N.I., Fomina E.V. QUESTIONS OF RESIDENTIAL COURTYARD SPACES TYPOLOGY OF THE MODERN CITYThe article attempts to systematize of courtyard spaces with different typological characteristics. The article attempts to identify specificity of transformation models building, structure and principles of their functioning in the urban environment from the point of view of harmonization. In architectural design theory and practice there are several definitions of adjoining areas: the courtyard, the courtyard space, the courtyard area. The courtyard is called the inner portion of land located between house buildings. Since modern practice offers a wide variety of environmental situations, including new forms of courtyard spaces, the need of identifying their typological features with new humanized design installations. Still in a professional environment yard space is perceived only as the subject-spatial structure and designer conventionally takes into account the physiological needs of man. The article describes two principles, allowing to make a typology courtyard spaces of the modern city. If we consider the courtyard just as the object-spatial structure, all types of courtyard spaces can be divided into basic (traditional, customary) and special types. Among the group of basic type space, you can allocate space open and closed. Special types of yard spaces are spaces that can be used by all inhabitants of the house, but these spaces are not located adjacent to the building site, they are on other levels: on the roof of the building; on the veranda; on the terrace, closed, local courtyards-atriums, which are found as in adjacent areas and inside buildings. Guided by the principle of areas functional fulfillment, we can distinguish two groups of courtyard spaces: monofunctional yard space and polyfunctional yard space. The article gives examples of different types of residential courtyard spaces in Western Europe, the article emphasizes the actuality of residential courtyard space in the system a wide range of public urban spaces.Key words: typology of residential courtyard spaces, urban environment, harmonization, typical and atypical yards.
Barsukova N.I., Vishnevskaya E. V. METHODOLOGY OF DESIGN-PROJECTION AS THE BASIS OF INTEGRATED ORGANIATION OF OPEN SPACES OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTThe article aims at the formation of the theoretical basis of the improvement of open city spaces through the use of design aimed to humanize the urban environment. Because of the methodological potential of a design-projection on the creation of the environmental concepts of urban areas, focused on the quality of citizen life, it is warranted a study of an integrated approach in the creation of urban open spaces of enhanced comfort. At the present stage the urban design is actively exploring and implementing formation methods of open urban spaces. It plays a role of "intermediary" in the matters of solving the problems of historic compliance of the life-being environment to the demands of modern life, it covers the level of rapid change and details of environment organization. The system of open spaces as a rule is based on a balanced consideration of the full range of functional factors, the most important of which is the rehabilitation of the urban air, providing an optimal environment for the mass of the people rest, the inclusion of the natural landscape elements in architectural composition of the city. In modern conditions the problem of a great importance is the formation of such open spaces, which preserve the natural basis of the landscape or there are only separate on man-made elements. Open spaces are the most valuable from the point of view of "city-nature" relations, as they are the batteries of the ecological balance. The coastal areas are particularly valuable for the life activity and development of the modern urban environment in the socio-economic, functional planning, recreational and landscape-compositional meanings. The article summarizes the experience of design-projection of open spaces on the coastal areas of the Volga river in the framework of research and design school of "Design and Decorative Arts" Department, Volga Region State University of Service. The design projects are analyzed with in the presentation of the coastal areas as the places of people being and the areas of communication, as zones of ecological adaptation and an alternative to the natural environment.Key words: urban design, open space, design-projection, coastal areas.
Generalov V.P., Generalova E.M. COMFORTABLE LIVING ENVIRONMENT: CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS UNDER CONTEMPORARY URBAN DEVELOPMENTThe problem of creating comfortable living environment in Russia is widely spoken about at different authority levels. Numerous experts, i.e. architects, sociologists, developers, realtors, etc. discuss this matter. But nowadays in the world of science there is no clear view and definite understanding of what comfortable living environment should look like. There are no methods and techniques for evaluating the level of comfort and there are no principles for creating comfortable environment in new and existing redeveloped areas as well. In 2012 experts of Development and Consulting Committee at Russian Guild of Realtors worked out "Uniform method for classifying new residential buildings by want-satisfying quality (class)". Having analyzed the document it should be noted that it has severe contradictions with the current normative documents and construction rules followed by designers, hygienists, environmentalists and psychologists. He above mentioned fact points out that no experts engaged in designing residential buildings, service objects, landscape design, transport and engineering systems, etc. were involved in the document development. The concept "comfortable living environment" should contain such basic concepts as sanitary, architectural planning, economic and psychological requirements. With the course of time and under stable development in economy, science and engineering the idea of comfort will change as customer's requirements for comfort housing will be higher. This category is currently changed. It is offered to draw scientific research abilities of architects, construction engineers, psychologists and other experts in order to work at the problem of determining and creating the sustainable comfort living environment. To solve this important problem is possible only by common efforts of all experts. Key words: comfortable living environment, class of residence, factors, parameters.
Dergunov S.A., Orehov S.A. Kuleshov I.V. TO THE ISSUE OF INTRODUCING "SMART HIGHWAY"Construction and improvement of roads has a long history. With the improvement of the means of production have changed the design of roads, methods of construction, expanded the aims and objectives which they served. Modern sector of road economics differs in originality and outstanding appearance of construction forms which are accompanied by the establishment of maximal safety, of optimal microclimate and increased comfort for the individual. The use of advanced design techniques, that consider all possible change factors of different loadings types and operational features of objects, allows implementing the most complex ideas of architects and designers, which is consistent with the transport strategy of Russian Federation. The main task in functioning and development of transport system of Russia is creation of conditions for economic growth, increase of competitiveness of the national economy and quality of life of the population through access to safe and high-quality transport services. Leaders of road-building branch are interested in development of intellectual transport systems which regulate the traffic, control and prevent traffic jams, possess the increased resistance to the environmental influence, at the same time qualitatively supplement an urban environment. Considering the development trend of road-building branch of the Russian Federation, as an associated complex comprising roads and engineering constructions on them, defines the role of "smart" road and roadside areas — an integral component of the architectural expression of the urban landscape. The factors to improve road safety and pedestrian movements on roads new party — "smart highway" with the use of modern information systems and IP-based technologies.Key words: road, design, cover, composition, durability.
Zobova M.G. THE RENOVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND TOWN-PLANNING TYPOLOGY OF UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES IN RUSSIAThe article presents the main social and economic, urban planning, functional planning, and compositional shortcomings of the existing Russian typology of University campuses. The campus is an architectural and urban complex, united with a common global function of science and education. The author proposes a new typology of these objects. Two main types of campuses are allocated: an integrated type and an independent type. An integrated campus is an area of a higher education institution which is integrated in an educational cluster (research and education, innovation and education, etc.). An educational cluster is a system of learning, peer learning and tools for self– learning in the innovative chain: science-technology-business, based primarily on horizontal relationships within this chain. An autonomous campus is a separate territory with its own infrastructure belonging to a particular higher educational institution. An autonomous campus is a campus that meets modern standards, including training, research and practice, residential, sports, shopping, recreation, engineering, economic and other areas. The key aspects and actual concepts of University campus design are outlined: a new territory which is supplied with resources; a unified concept of sustainable development; optimal functional planning concept; strengthening of social community by creating communicative areas; the use of renewable energy and other resource-saving technologies; development of a unified compositional scheme; a single architectural and spatial appearance; technological, social security and barrier-free environment. Functional planning components, balanced zones, layout and spatial framework are presented in the form of charts and tables. The author proposes a theoretical architectural model of a University campus of a new type. The proposed typology and architectural and town-planning model can be used for the design and development of University campuses in our country. Key words: a university campus, a new typology, an educational cluster, an architectural and town-planning model.
Iconopisceva O.G. TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ORENBURG IN THE CONTEXT OF SYSTEM OF MOVING OF THE CITIES OF THE URALSFormation of the largest system of moving of the Ural region difficult centuries-old process which cornerstone the certain state interests connected with expansion of borders of the Russian Empire were. The formed strong points of moving in the majority were put at once as the city with certain functions. Therefore, moving in the Urals wasn't natural evolutionary process. Territorial development of city space of Orenburg and other nearby cities connected historically is considered in the context of formation of system of moving and is carried out within the well-known periods of development — preindustrial, industrial and post-industrial. As a result of which, changes happened as in forms of development of the system of moving, and at the territorial level of the cities of components this system. At each stage the major political and economic factors and their influence on planning structure, and nature of territorial development come to light. It is noted that there are certain regularities of spatial development peculiar both to Orenburg, and other cities of the Urals of one genetic category. At each stage of development definitions of the spatial organization of urban areas are given. The revealed general regularities of spatial development are reduced to four main models, everyone from which corresponds to the historical stage. Possibilities of development of the cities and system of moving at the present stage of development are considered. The spatial organization of system of moving of the Urals and in particular in territories of South Ural possesses the high potential of development that is connected with change of borders of the state and border position of the cities. Orenburg can become "a gate to Asia" through which new transcontinental communication streams which will connect Europe, Russia and China will be directed again that can become new incentive to spatial development of territories of Orenburg and their high-quality transformation.Key words: settlement system, planning system, spatial development, agglomeration, the model of urban space.
Kolokolov S.B. METHOD OF CHOICE OF STEEL ARCH CROSS SECTION WITH DEFORMATIONAL CALCULATIONThe article is dedicated to the problem of arch constructions engineering. Currently it is common to use both static-based calculation and critical value of strain parameter while calculating the cross section of a steel arch. Based on numerical analysis of arch deformations (with different shapes and different strain) the author of this article proves that we can decide on stability of an arch without calculating the critical value of strain parameter. To evaluate the stability of arch it is enough to perform deformation calculation, which is a convergent process for a stable arch and divergent process — for an unstable. This assumption is the base for the proposed method of calculation of a cross section for an arch. The core of proposed method is the following: instead of static calculation we do deformation calculation by successive approximations, which is being continued until the gradient of travel of calculated points is less than pre-assigned value. Once the condition of durability is realized, the taken cross section is approved. In case if the gradient of changes of transference of travel of calculated points monotonously increases during the process of specification, the calculations should be stopped and taken cross section is rejected. Cross section is also to be rejected in case if condition of strength with achieved during the calculation values of internal powers is not fulfilled. The method can be easily used with computer, and the calculation can be performed on-line, when a planner get the information about condition of arch under strained-pressure after each stage of specification. The article presents a numerical example of choice of steel arch with comments. Key words: planning, arch, construction, calculation, method, strain, deformation calculation, stability, strength.
Rudnev I.V, Zhadanov V.I CALCULATION METHODS FOR COMPOUNDS OF ELEMENTS OF WOODEN STRUCTURES ON GLUED STEEL PLATESIn modern engineering to improve stiffness and increase the carrying capacity of the compounds of elements of wooden structures have been used in the design solutions on glued in wood steel rods of the reinforcement with periodic profile. Particularly widespread are different types of connections with obliquely glued contacts. Although the reliability of such compounds, they have some serious drawbacks in terms of metal content, processability, and ease of manufacturing assembly. To eliminate this drawbacks it provides a method of node interface elements of wooden structures on glued into an array steel plates. Pilot testing of the proposed method of joining confirmed its viability. However, the known method of calculating compounds of wooden structures on glued elements does not provide an answer to the question of determining the carrying capacity of the node interfaces on the steel plates. There are no rules and design of such compounds, as well as any of the experimental data on this subject. As a result, the theoretical calculation of an exact analytical solution of the problem of determining the stress-strain state (SSS) of the compound pasted plate when it pulled out of solid wood. Design scheme of theoretical investigation of SSS connection plates with the wood is reduced to plane strain: half-strip loaded on the end by a concentrated force. Described exactly, previously absent, the solution of the boundary value problems of the theory of elasticity based on expansions of functions Fadl-Papkovich. In software packages АРМCivilEngineering and ANSYS was created and designed finite element model of the experimental sample, taking into account the anisotropy of the wood and the presence of the adhesive composition between the steel plate and wood. The values of the components of SSS connection with a load corresponding to the time of the destruction of the experimental sample has been received. There was a good quantitative and qualitative convergence of model experiments carried out in different software systems and confirmed with full-scale experiments. On the basis of factor analysis, conducted research on the matrix in the software package ANSYS, defined qualitative and quantitative conditioning components of stress-strain state of the connection. On the basis of experimental and theoretical studies revealed the prospects and possibilities of using the compounds of this type in the nodes in a wide range of wooden structures. The concrete design solutions of nodes glued into steel plates and the most significant results of the tests and the extended interface and support truss. The formula for the calculation of engineering compounds of elements of wooden structures with glued on steel plates has been received. Key words: calculation method, steel plate, glue, wood, compound, joint, analytical calculation, numerical research, finite element model, stress-strain state, toughness, stiffness, experimental research, calculation.
Malakhov S.A. TREATING AN ARCHITECTURAL OBJECT AS A NON-SCALE FRAGMENT OF THE ENDLESS SUPREMATIC COSMOSA concept of architectural shape with expressed orientation towards fragmentariness is under consideration. Objectless art, suprematic experiments have created the language that demonstrates high plastic potential, bringing structural morphology closer to the natural process. The architectural object is born in the space of architectural models, that is why the models' own space acts as a whole and a metaobject in relation to "incoming objects", "clusters of shape", and the principal role in working out models is played by lines and the rhythmical grid, which is actively developed in works of artistic vanguard. The integrity and identity of landscape joining together natural and artificial environments is seen as the most important task of an architect's activity. The architectural object which is isolated from the environment loses its cultural role. The interrelations between the object and the environment acquire the importance of methodological discourse predetermining various scenarios of mutual influence. In traditional culture the object exists as a part of hierarchically and symbolically structured system, and the integrity of landscape is ensured by coincidence of language, cultural ideal and architectural response. Modern culture is characterized by different ideals, natural artistic properties of space among them, and the integrity of space is ensured by the integrity of artistic language. That is why the modern object kind of involuntarily interprets via shape the image of a fragment of whole, first of all — on the level of abstract plastic shape. The article deals with the concept of architectural shape with expressed orientation towards fragmentariness. Objectless art, suprematic experiments have created the language that demonstrates high plastic potential, bringing structural morphology closer to the natural process. Artistic experiments of Kazimir Malevich, Vladimir Tatlin, Piet Mondriaan, Theo van Doesburg have demonstrated the features of "new style", which is based on the combination of abstract geometrical "color-shapes". Such shapes measure up against each other and against surrounding space similarly to cosmic objects, but this cosmos is an artistic metaphor of infinity, while its real representation is first the space of the suprematic picture, and then the architectural object and its environment. At the same time the fragmentariness of this created language allows producing an endless number of "suprematic objects", which are spatially and stylistically "connected", and it is this genre of modern shape that allows establishing modern architectural shape as a new type of integral landscape.Key words: architectural object, suprematic cosmos, whole and part, fragment of fragment, metaobject, architectural and artistic modelling, rhythmical grid, harmonious landscape.
Malakhov S.A., Repina E.A. STRATEGY OF CONFLICT-FREE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENT THE CASE OF THE CITY OF SAMARAThis article deals with analyzing the problem of overcoming conservative approach to reconstructing urban environment, including its historical part which definitely has got cultural and economic potential. The common practice of reconstruction in Samara and other cities is characterized by unsuccessful attempts to give the historical part of the city the quality that conforms to the modern idea of actively functioning post-industrial environment with its cultural challenges, multi-functional saturation of street space and general pathos of modern public relations. In Samara such approach has lead to practically any-place onset of developer projects, that demonstrate the priority of solutions based on infill high-rise development typical for commuter areas. As a result not only valuable historical heritage is destroyed, but also the genotype of the environment is changed, that possesses significant potential for self-development. Alternative projects designed by a group of Samara architects are based on the "conflict-free reconstruction" concept, the characteristic feature of which is dialogue (trialogue) between the parties involved in urban transformation, i.e. between the inhabitants of the blocks, authorities and investors. "Conflict-free" in such case implies search for a compromise between different projects, the vast majority of which is produced by the area itself. Small, disperse character of "local initiatives" corresponds to the scale of historical environment. What is also important is accelerating the localities' internal resource. The precondition for such acceleration is privatization of houses and courtyard areas by the inhabitants, facilitating incorporation of small business and co-operation with the expert community: lawyers, architects, real estate agents, municipal officials, scientists. Using several projects as an example, that were highly appraised at international competitions in Moscow and St Petersburg, the principal structure and contents of the new strategy are explained. Also the role played by the "Urban Institute" is defined — as the field for horizontal communication between the inhabitants, professionals and authorities and the trigger for "conflict-free" strategy of urban environment reconstruction. Key words: conflict-free reconstruction, self-development, "upward" design, dialogue, natural shape, cultural heritage, parceling, citizens — owners of the area, trigger for the strategy, urban institute.
Repina E.A. MEANING OF THE CATEGORIES OF "CHANCE" AND "SPONTANIETY" FOR NATURAL AND POST-MODERNIST DISCOURSE AND FOR MODERN ARCHITECTUREThe article deals with general methodological problems of modern scientific knowledge, its ontologistic, epistemological, logical and axiological basis in the light of the crisis of modern society, as applied to the sphere of architectural discourse. The critical basis for logical organization is modern discoveries in exact sciences, their shift towards subjective and intersubjective meanings, i.e. the humanitarian dimension, as well as post– modernist culture ideology. The modern moment of the development of knowledge and society, which may be described as the post-scientific situation, is the point of choosing the vector for further development, it is close to the point of bifurcation, which is an important choice in the light of threat to the survival of civilization as such. The first thing to be criticized is the monologic of modern professional architectural methods and values, that are founded in the modernist paradigm — fetishizing the rectangular aesthetic, ignoring the established values already inherent to the environment, associative poverty, preferring the abilities only of chosen codes, as a consequence of social utopic contents, denying the corporal metaphor, ignoring the corporal and unconscious experience when producing and experiencing architecture, mythologizing the market as the main rite of our times. These are the reasons for the three main problems of modern architecture: 1) Its anonymous-universal character (absence of identity, mystery, ambiguity). 2) Repression of the necessary opposite pole. 3) Dehumanization (displacement of the man and everything human — deep, subjective, poetic meanings). The guarantee for a new ideology may be the category of chance, which is recognized at present as equal to the category of regularity and understood as a new system of values. This category is based on the necessity to replace the classical type of rationality and the progressist discourse (with its determinism, fundamentalism, dualism, functionalism, quantitative approach and preference paradigm), and to rehabilitate all repressed meanings of culture, as well as to return subject-subjective relations into discourse and practice. The category of "spontaneity" is broadly explained. This model will be able to release tension inside all types of contradictions, which have lead the society to the verge of death, and architecture — to being anonymous and universal. The hypothesis of the so-called "spontaneous method" is put forward.Key words: chance, spontaneity, post-modernism, rehabilitation of repressed meanings, subject, post-nonclassical sciences, monologic, dialogism, alternative methodology.
Meder E.A., Rogozhnikova I.A. PROBLEMS OF INTERACTION OF THE TRADITIONAL LANGUAGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ARTISTIC AND IMAGINATIVE POSSIBILITIES OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGYToday more and more actual are questions of the conflict between a traditional role of architecture as art-shaped bases of formation of "the second nature" and expansive development of computer technologies which not only gain quality of the main design tools, but also taking on a new role of artistic imagery. All history of development of architecture symbolical value of a form acted as culture language which was expressed through plasticity, semantics and very tectonics as the main properties of architectural space reflecting the most fundamental social and moral values, and also historical regularities. And, considering that fact that the main quality defining an architectural form is function, development of constructive and engineering opportunities directly influences nature of plastic architectural concepts. And, it is impossible to deny also dangers which bears the advancing technological development. So, modern information technologies, having taken root into many fields of activity of the person, so outstripped development of sociocultural communications in society that it led to a gap between technological and humanistic making cultures, and as a result — to the next round of crisis, to emergence of some kind of counterculture, and — the humanistic concept of social evolution. Nevertheless, according to authors this contradiction between a technological component of sociocultural processes and a post-modernist paradigm can bring all culture out of the post-modernist deadlock. Including — and thanks to opportunities of interference and mutual enrichment of art language of traditional architecture (and, more widely, — traditional spatial and plastic arts) and expressive opportunities of digital modeling.Key words: Architecture, artistic image, parametrical modeling information society, computer technologies.
Shestopalov S.S. DECORATIVE AND ARTISTIC TECHNIQUES IN THE GARDEN AND VILLA ARCHITECTURE AS A REFLECTION OF ITS SOCIAL ROLEThe article is devoted to decorative and artistic techniques developed in the architecture of gardening associations of the postwar period. Well studied as an economic and social phenomenon, these settlements are hardly studied as phenomena of architecture and urban planning. Meanwhile the rapid changes taking place in their development nowadays make the attempt to interpret their architectural features very timely and topical. Architecture of the gardening associations formed under the influence of four important conditions: the presence of the strict and almost not changing within decades planning structure of settlements, the high rate of change of the individual sites, semiprofessional architecture and the lack of building materials. Taken together, these factors lead to the emergence of somewhat chaotic architecture in which there is, despite the generally unfavorable conditions, a sufficient variety of decorative techniques. Analysis of a large number of garden cottages allows to emphasize several types of decorative art techniques, common for the garden and villa architecture: floral decor hiding facade, a specific shape of windows, ubiquitous ways of wall cladding, facade painting features, which play an important role in individualization of garden cottages along with carved wooden details. Almost all of the arts and artistic techniques (except the carved wood pieces) are performed, in addition to the aesthetic, yet practical function, and, moreover, are highly dependent on the living conditions of the family owners of the site. A considerable variety of social functions, which are carried out in the garden communities of the urban family has identified the need to find patterns of application of a decorative technique arising from the role of home and garden area, prevailing in certain cases.Key words: dacha, gardening associations, collective gardenings, decorative and artistic techniques.
|
|
Editor-in-chief |
Sergey Aleksandrovich
MIROSHNIKOV |
|
|
