Elizareva E.N., Yanbaev Y.A., Redkina N.N., Kudashkina N.V., Baykov A.G.
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL POLLUTION IN THE ZONE OF INFLUENCE OF METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES ^{[№ 9 ' 2017]}
The total contents of heavy metals in soils selected in the zone of influence of Karabashmed CJSC, Satkinsky Iron-smelting Plant JSC and Uchalinsky Ore Mining and Processing Plant OJSC were analyzed. The excess of the standards for all metals except manganese has been established. The phytoremediation method — accumulation of heavy metals from soil by plants was tested on the investigated soils. It is shown that after growing plants in the soils, the content of iron, zinc and copper decreased. Assessment of soil contamination degree using the concentration coefficient showed that in the studied soils before planting the total amount of most metals is within the limits of natural fluctuation. A weak level of soil contamination with cadmium has been established (Uchaly), moderate contamination with copper (Uchaly) and zinc (Karabash), heavy pollution with cadmium and copper (Karabash). As a result of the use of phytoremediation technology, the concentration coefficients for iron, zinc and copper have significantly decreased. And according to the content of copper, Uchalv’s soil passed from the category of moderate pollution to the category of low pollution. To estimate the multielement influence the levels of heavy metal contamination were calculated using the Saet’s index and the index proposed by Yu.N. Vodyanitsky, taking into account the different toxicity of heavy elements and based on the average geometric parameters. It is shown that the use of phytoremediation technology decreases the level of total contamination of soils with heavy metals.

Elizareva E.N., Yanbaev Y.A., Kulagin A.Y.
PLANTS FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATED WATER ^{[№ 3 ' 2016]}
Currently the growing flow of heavy metals from wastewater into natural water bodies assumes the character of a global environmental threat. Causing serious environmental damage, heavy metals have biological activity, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties, resulting in the poisoning and death of the organism. To minimize the negative effect of heavy metals on the hydrosphere is necessary to develop new and improve existing wastewater treatment methods. The most effective, efficient and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment methods may be based on the ability of plants to accumulate toxicants. In order to select plants suitable for wastewater phytoremediation, the characteristics of the 18 plants grown in the model solutions containing heavy metals were studied. It has been shown that when added a mixture of ions (zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel and chromium), plants absorb them from the solution in smaller amounts than when added into the nutrient solution nickel or cadmium separately. At the same time the mixture of metals is more toxic to plants than individual metals. Heavy metals concentrations in the raw plant biomass were compared with the maximum permissible concentrations of metals in foods and the maximum allowable level of their content in forage. It was found that there is antagonism of metals accumulation by plants and synergism of metals toxic effect. Plant species (2 varieties of zucchini, corn and 1 varieties of cabbage) have been selected for phytoremediation of wastewater containing a mixture of heavy metals, with the possibility of further use of biomass as forage.

Мuldashev А.А., Маslova N.V., Elizaryeva О.А., Galeeva А.Kh.
EXPERIMENT OF REINTRODUCTION OF RARE ENDEMIC SPECIES OXYTROPIS BASCHKIRENSIS KNJASEV IN SOUTH URALS (BASHKORTOSTAN REPUBLIC) ^{[№ 9 ' 2015]}
The results of the experiment in reintroduction of rare endemic species Oxytropis baschkirensis Knjasev in the South Urals (2003—2014) are presented in the article. This species needs protection all over the areal. It is included in the Red Data Book of Bashkortostan Republic (2011) and the Red Data Book of Chelyabinsk region (2005). Studies have shown that under sowing of seeds on hill Tuytyube in Uchalinski district of Bashkortostan Republic in natural habitats this species gives seedling and forms "micropopulations" including plants of all age conditions. Plants become in the generative period from 2—4 years of development. Generative plants can return to the virginal status (temporarily not blooming plants), apparently, under the influence of moisture lack in the soil. At all stages of ontogeny, especially at pregenerative period, mass death of the plants was observed from adverse conditions. The prospect of artificial sowing of seeds in critical populations with the aim of restoring and maintaining their numbers is shown. Under conditions sowing of seeds with seed hardness after the winter storage the soil seed bank has formed, which provides annual seed regeneration for all over the period of observation (10 years). Sowing seeds collected in natural populations at maturity and characterized by various degrees of seed hardness gives relatively abundant seedlings in the following year, but in subsequent years renewal is relatively weak because of the depletion of the seed bank. The native population on the same hill is characterized by a very low density, which, apparently, is due to a lack of seeds largely. Under conditions the shortage of seeds at the critical populations artificial reseeding of seeds collected from the same population is advisable.

Muldashev А.А., Elizaryeva О.А., Маslova N.V., Galeeva А.Kh.
SEED PRODUCTIVITY OF ALLIUM NUTANS L. (ALLIACEAE) IN INTRODUCTION AND REINTRODUCTION IN BASHKORTOSAN REPUBLIC ^{[№ 6 ' 2015]}
Study of the biology of rare plants species is necessary to establish the reasons for their rarity and developing methods for their effective protection. Seed productivity (in particular, the realization seed potential) is the important indicator of vitality species in specific habitat. The results of the study of inflorescences seed productivity of rare species Allium nutans in artificial populations ex situ and in introduction in Bashkortostan Republic are presented in the article. A. nutans is species of South Siberian and North Kazakhstan. It is included in the Red Data Book of the Bashkortostan Republic (2011). Species is on the list of priority rare and endangered species of the steppe zone of Bashkortostan Republic need to special measures for their protection. The material for the study of seed productivity was collected in the Natural Botanical Garden "Gurovskaya gora" in Kushnarenkovsky district of Republic of Bashkortostan (where are reintroduced and studied in conditions close to nature more than 20 rare plants species) and in the nursery of rare and endangered plants of the Southern Urals located at the Botanical Garden in Ufa. The study showed that this species has a fairly high seed productivity. Indicators of seed productivity have high variability: amount flowers of inflorescences — 32—452, the potential seed productivity — 192—2 712 ovules, the real seed productivity — 135—492 plump seeds, coefficient of productivity (the ratio of real to potential seed productivity)  — 23,8—44,0 %. These data are consistent with earlier finding by us and other researchers on seed productivity in nature and culture. Conditions of reintroduction were acceptable for the receiving of seed. There is the increase of quantitative indicators of seed productivity of this species depending on the duration of the existence of the sample in experiences.

Мuldashev А.А., Elizaryeva О.А., Маslova N.V., Galeeva А.Kh.
VITALITY STRUCTURE OF POPULATIONS HEDYSARUM GRANDIFLORUM PALL. (FABACEAE) OF BASHKORTOSTAN REPUBLIC ^{[№ 6 ' 2014]}
The results of study of vitality of 4 populations of rare species Hedysarum grandiflorum Pall. (Fabaceae) of Bashkortostan Republic in the period from 2011 to 2013 аre presents. Vitality was calculated in two ways. Arrangement populations relatively each other according to the index vitality IVC are invariable for years of study.

Мuldashev А.А., Маslova N.V., Elizaryeva О.А., Galeeva А.Kh.
CHARACTERISTIC OF AGE STRUCTURE OF POPULATIONS HEDYSARUM GRANDIFLORUM PALL (FABACEAE) IN THE PRE-URALS OF BASHKORTOSTAN REPUBLIC ^{[№ 10 ' 2013]}
Description of state of rare species Hedysarum grandiflorum Pall. (Fabaceae) 4 populations in the pre-Urals of Bashkortostan Republic studed in 2012 is given. Description of populations includes age structure, density, some demographic indexes.

Muldashev A.A., Elizar'eva O.A., Maslova N.V., Galeeva A.Kh.
REINTRODUCTION OF THE RARE SPECIES ALLIUM NUTANS L. IN BOTANICAL NATURE MONUMENT "GUROVSKAYA GORA" IN BASHKORTOSTAN REPUBLIC ^{[№ 6 ' 2013]}
The article shows the results of the 8-year reintroduction of rare species Allium nutans L. in the bows of natural monuments "Gurovskaya gora". Compared with seeds reproduction the vegetative reproduction was more efficiently in this study. Currently received by the generation plants of rare species.

Muldashev A.A., Galeeva A.Kh., Maslova N.V., Elizarieva O.A.
ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS OF HEDYSARUM GMELINII HEDYSARUM GMELINII LEDEB. (FABACEAE) IN BASHKORTOSTAN ^{[№ 6 ' 2009]}