Efremov I.V
ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK OF CONTAMINATION OF SOIL AND PLANT SYSTEMS WITH HEAVY METALS UNDER ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCE ^{[№ 6 ' 2018]}
One of the tasks of ecology is to control heavy metal pollution of soils and plants in various industrial regions. By entering the food chain through cultivated plants, heavy metals pose a real threat to human health, given the ability of metals to accumulate in tissues and organs. An important task of environmental science is to study the migration properties of heavy metals in various soil and plant systems and to develop on this basis predictive models of heavy metals behavior in the natural environment.
In this paper, the author on the basis of analytical studies on the content of mobile forms of heavy metals in the components of various soil and plant systems, calculated the risks of soil and plant pollution by the previously proposed method. The integral and differential indices of migration properties of heavy metals are mathematically justified.
On the basis of the results, the proposed assumption about the selectivity of the migration properties of heavy metals in different soil-plant systems was confirmed. The obtained data about the risk of contamination of soils and plants with heavy metals allows to predict the phyto-remediation of contaminated land, allow us to determine the rate of negative impact on soil and plants hold ranking soil-plant systems on migration ability.

Efremov I.V., Gorshenina E.L., Solopova V.A., Rakhimova N.N., Ryabykh E.I., Chernova O.N.
COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT AND RISK MIGRATION ABILITY OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF SOIL AND VEGETATION COMPONENT SYSTEMS ^{[№ 13 ' 2015]}
In this paper, when considering the transport processes and substances such as heavy metals in the components of soil-plant systems assumed that this process is probabilistic in nature. The second assumption we adopted the current status of the independence of the system components from its previous state. This allowed us to consider the soil-plant system as a Markov chain with a finite number of states. The probabilities of a state determines the intensity of transitions substances system components. On the basis of the constructed mathematical models to calculate the risk of contamination of the soil, aboveground and root systems of plants with heavy metals. The risk of contamination of components of soil-plant system shows the likelihood that heavy metals accumulate in the soil, the root system and aboveground plant parts. The intensity of transition shows the magnitude and direction of transport of substances (heavy metal) the components of the system. Integral indicators characterize the overall distribution of heavy metals in the soil-plant-specific system. The differential indicator shows the distribution of one or the other metal in the soil-plant system.

Rakhimova N.N., Efremov I.V., Gorshenina E.L.
THE MIGRATION ABILITY OF THE RADIONUCLIDES CS-137 AND SR-90 IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOILS ^{[№ 10 ' 2015]}
The main real source of radioactive contamination of the soil-vegetation complex are the global radioactive fallout from the atmosphere long-lived radionuclides from nuclear tests, as well as air emissions of radionuclides associated with the work of the enterprises of the nuclear fuel cycle. As a result of the fallout radionuclides deposited on ground surface, accumulate in the soil, are included in biogeochemical cycles of migration and become new components of the soil. The soil is an important inertial element, the speed of migration of radionuclides in the soil, depend largely on the pace of their distribution throughout the chain. As a result of movement in the soil and subsequent root uptake of the radionuclides enter plant parts representing the food or feed value. The study of radionuclide migration in soil profile is one of the important approaches to the study of anthropogenic influence on the vegetation. Radionuclide migration through the soil profile occurs due to the displacement of soil particles in sost which they belong, due to the movement of soil moisture containing soluble and colloidal form, as well as the processes of adsorption and desorption. This article is devoted to the study of migration ability of radionuclides Cs-137 and Sr-90 in soil profile in different types of soils of the Orenburg region. Evaluation method of intensity of migration of radionuclides Cs-137 and Sr-90 in the profile of Chernozem and dark chestnut soils using regression equations and values λ, which is constant and depends on soil type. Built the regression equations allow us to estimate the intensity of migration of radionuclides Cs-137 and Sr-90 in soil profile. On the territory of the Orenburg region there are several potential sources of environmental pollution with radionuclides: the epicenter of a nuclear explosion Totsky military exercises, a trace of a radioactive cloud that spread after the explosion. The greatest intensity of migration of Cs-137 on a soil profile is observed at the soils easy on particle size distribution (the dark-chestnut soil), in the soil of chernozems (ordinary, typical, southern), for mineral soils (the chernozem the southern not full-developed shchebnevaty) smaller intensity is characteristic. Intensity of migration of Sr-90 in the soil of the chernozem of the southern not full-developed shchebnevaty is rather low, the greatest intensity of migration of Sr-90 on a soil profile is observed at soils of the chernozem ordinary and southern.

Efremov I.V., Gorshenina E.L., Rakhimova N.N., Hismatullin Sh.Sh.
MIGRATION OF MOBILE FORMS OF HEAVY METALS IN SOILS OF ORENBURG REGION ^{[№ 10 ' 2015]}
Of particular importance is the profile migration of pollutants, which is most intense flows in spring, autumn and summer with the loss of a large amount of rainfall, when there are intense downdrafts soil moisture. The migration of heavy metals limit their deposition processes on geochemical barriers. The study of the profile of migration and accumulation of heavy metals showed that the metals have varying behavior of soils, there is a change in the profile of their contents. The article deals with the dynamics of the distribution of mobile forms of heavy metals in different soils of the Orenburg region, the results of determination of pH in these soils. A method for evaluating the intensity of migration of heavy metals in the profile of chernozem and dark chestnut soils built using regression equations and values of α, which is a constant and depends on the type of soil and the chemical element. It was revealed that the profile of the southern black earth is an increase in the concentration of heavy metals such as lead, nickel, chromium, copper, cadmium, cobalt, zinc and manganese. For chernozem incompletely rubbly decrease the concentration profile of elements such as lead, nickel, copper and cobalt. Dark brown soil: is an increase in the concentration of lead in the soil profile and the reduction of zinc in the profile. For a typical black soil on the profile decreases the concentration of zinc. For ordinary chernozem a decrease in the concentration of manganese in the soil profile.

Solopova V.A., Efremov I.V., Yanbulatov I.I.
FEATURES OF RECEIVING WATER BY CONDENSATION ON TERRITORY OF THE ORENBURG REGION ^{[№ 6 ' 2015]}
One of the sources of fresh water — water in air did not investigate yet. Climate of the Orenburg region is abruptly continental. Warm season at night moisture condensate from cooled air to form of dew. The intensity of dew formation depends on the humidity, diurnal temperature difference, wind speed and orientation of the surface of the precipitation. To collect condensed water from ancient times to the present day systems with large surface perceptible with artificially created centers of condensation are designed. Based on the results of the comparative analysis of the average expected performance systems to producing water from the air by condensation for different localities of the Orenburg region we concluded that the greatest results may be obtained in the vicinity of Sol-Iletsk. Analysis data for this settlement shows that the most conducive period is July 2013. Calculated for this month amount of water 0,002 liters from 1 kg of air per day or 0,00155 liters from 1 m³ of air. his value a little also testifies to low efficiency of use of a method of natural condensation for receiving fresh water in the territory of the Orenburg region. Respectively, that installation of natural condensation of water gave more than 1 liter per day it is necessary to carry out compulsory air circulation along the besieging surface not less than 645 m³/days.

Aleshina E.S., Efremova L.V.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CARBON-BASED NANOMATERIALS, REVEALED WITH USE OF LUMINESCING BIOTESTS ^{[№ 10 ' 2013]}
Methodical approaches to carrying out biotesting of carbon-based nanomaterials (CBN) with use of luminescing biotests are developed. Use of similar approaches allowed to calculate probable biologically safe concentration of CBN in natural and production environments, and also to identify the CBN main properties conducting to development of toxic effect.

Perekrestova E. N., Efremov I. V., Kushnareva О.Р.
USING THE METHOD OF REGISTRATION OF THE DELAYED FLUORESCENCE FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE TOXIC INFLUENCE OF SALTS OF HEAVY METALS ON WHEAT SEEDS ^{[№ 10 ' 2013]}
In this paper, based on registration of the delayed fluorescence kinetics, the authors have developed a methodology of evaluation of the toxic effects of salt solutions of copper, zinc, cobalt, Nickel on wheat seeds. For the analysis of the obtained curves were used theoretical concepts on the mechanisms of delayed fluorescence and a correlation between the toxic effects of heavy metals and parameters of delayed fluorescence.

Chirkova E.N., Zavaleeva S.M., Efremov A.Y.
MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE OF LUNGS LESSER NOCTULE (NYCTALUS LEISLERI) AS REPRESENTATIVE OF FLYING ECOLOGICAL GROUP ^{[№ 6 ' 2012]}
It is known that variability of easy vertebrate animals represents biological interest, but studying of respiratory system of mammals is based on researches laboratory and pets. This work is devoted to studying of features of an internal structure of lungs of a bat. The morphology of lungs is studied by preparation and morphometry methods. The data received by us on morphological updating of lungs, characterize its belonging to flying ecological group.

Aleshina E.S., Deryabin D.G., Efremova L.V.
INVESTIGATON OF CARBON-BASED NANOMATERIALS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN BACTERICIDITY TEST ON ESCHERICHIA COLI AND BACILLUS SUBTILIS ^{[№ 12 ' 2011]}
Influence of 10 carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs): single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, nanofibres, С60-, С70-fullerenes, and amorphous carbon on viability of Escherichia coli K12 TG1 and Bacillus subtilis 168 is investigated. With use of named modeling microorganisms the CBNs bactericidal effect which progressed in time and depended on nanocarbon structural organization is shown. Comparison of test objects reaction shows B.subtilis little big sensitivity in comparison E.coli at high comparability of the biotesting results (r=0,927; P <0,005).

Kushnareva O.P., Ephremov I.V., Perekrestova E.N.
APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF REGISTRATION DELAYED CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE OF ALGAE TO ASSESS THE QUALITY OF NATURAL WATERS ^{[№ 12 ' 2011]}
In article authors offer a technique of biotesting of natural waters on the basis of registration of the slowed down fluorescence of a chlorophyll of microseaweed. Results of application of this technique for various reservoirs are resulted. Theoretical positions about mechanisms of the slowed down fluorescence for the analysis of the received curves are used. Correlation dependences between parameters of the slowed down fluorescence and a chemical compound of natural waters are established.

Perekrestova E.N., Efremov I.V., Kushnareva О.Р.
ESTIMATION OF TOXIC ACTION OF HEAVY METALS ON SEEDS OF WHEAT A METHOD OF THE DELAY FLUORESCENCE ^{[№ 12 ' 2011]}
In this work and validated method for assessing biophysical toxic action of salt solutions of nickel, zinc, copper and cobalt in wheat seeds of the Orenburg region, based on recording the kinetics of delayed fluorescence. Comparing the performance curves of delayed fluorescence of the control data were obtained by the ratio, to assess the effect of cations of heavy metals on wheat seeds.

Efremov I.V., Gamm A.A., Gamm T.A.
TECHNOLOGY OF DRILL CUTTINGS UTILIZATION ^{[№ 6 ' 2011]}
The authors investigated the separation of liquid and solid phases during the drilling with hot steam, also they propose methods: delayed fluorescence of oil determination contained in the drill cuttings and removal of oil and changes of the chemical properties of rocks at the two-phase heat treatment. The technological characteristics of the processes are identified. The technology of drilling sludge utilization on oil and gas fields is worked out in this paper.

Efremov I.V., Kuzmin O.N., Kushnareva O.P., Perekrestova E.N.
INTEGRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRATION FEATURES OF SOIL-PLANTS SYSTEMS ^{[№ 12 ' 2009]}
Abstract. The article considers issues of appraisal of heavy metals migration of in soil-plant systems. The authors present the migration process of metals in soil-plant system as a stationary Markov’s process. On the basis of this approach integral indicator allowing appreciating the soil-plant system on their migratory ability is theoretically justified. The results of the integrated appraisal of soil-plant systems are given in this work.

Efremov I.V., Rakhimov N.N., Yanchuk E.L.
PECULIARITIES OF RADIOACTIVE NUCLIDE MIGRATION OF CAESIUM-137 AND STRONTIUM-90 IN THE SYSTEM SOIL-PLANT ^{[№ 12 ' 2005]}
This article is devoted to the studying of radioactive nuclide Cs-137 and Sr-90 migration in soil-plant complexes of Orenburg region. Line dependence between radioactive nuclides concentration in soil and plants is got on the base of mathematical modeling method. Equation of regression, allowing to appreciate intensity of radioactive nuclide migration by soil description are constructed here. Correlated analysis between physical-chemical characteristics of the soil and radioactive nuclide of caesium-137 and strontium-90 contents in the soil description is made in this article too. Analytical dependences allowing to calculate radioactive nuclide contents in plants depending to their concentration in soil and physical-chemical soil characteristics are get here on the base of method using of group argument accounting.

^{[№ 11 (app.1) ' 2005]}