Barsukova N.I., Fomina E.V.
QUESTIONS OF RESIDENTIAL COURTYARD SPACES TYPOLOGY OF THE MODERN CITY ^{[№ 5 ' 2015]}
The article attempts to systematize of courtyard spaces with different typological characteristics. The article attempts to identify specificity of transformation models building, structure and principles of their functioning in the urban environment from the point of view of harmonization. In architectural design theory and practice there are several definitions of adjoining areas: the courtyard, the courtyard space, the courtyard area. The courtyard is called the inner portion of land located between house buildings. Since modern practice offers a wide variety of environmental situations, including new forms of courtyard spaces, the need of identifying their typological features with new humanized design installations. Still in a professional environment yard space is perceived only as the subject-spatial structure and designer conventionally takes into account the physiological needs of man. The article describes two principles, allowing to make a typology courtyard spaces of the modern city. If we consider the courtyard just as the object-spatial structure, all types of courtyard spaces can be divided into basic (traditional, customary) and special types. Among the group of basic type space, you can allocate space open and closed. Special types of yard spaces are spaces that can be used by all inhabitants of the house, but these spaces are not located adjacent to the building site, they are on other levels: on the roof of the building; on the veranda; on the terrace, closed, local courtyards-atriums, which are found as in adjacent areas and inside buildings. Guided by the principle of areas functional fulfillment, we can distinguish two groups of courtyard spaces: monofunctional yard space and polyfunctional yard space. The article gives examples of different types of residential courtyard spaces in Western Europe, the article emphasizes the actuality of residential courtyard space in the system a wide range of public urban spaces.

Barsukova N.I., Vishnevskaya E. V.
METHODOLOGY OF DESIGN-PROJECTION AS THE BASIS OF INTEGRATED ORGANIATION OF OPEN SPACES OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT ^{[№ 5 ' 2015]}
The article aims at the formation of the theoretical basis of the improvement of open city spaces through the use of design aimed to humanize the urban environment. Because of the methodological potential of a design-projection on the creation of the environmental concepts of urban areas, focused on the quality of citizen life, it is warranted a study of an integrated approach in the creation of urban open spaces of enhanced comfort. At the present stage the urban design is actively exploring and implementing formation methods of open urban spaces. It plays a role of "intermediary" in the matters of solving the problems of historic compliance of the life-being environment to the demands of modern life, it covers the level of rapid change and details of environment organization. The system of open spaces as a rule is based on a balanced consideration of the full range of functional factors, the most important of which is the rehabilitation of the urban air, providing an optimal environment for the mass of the people rest, the inclusion of the natural landscape elements in architectural composition of the city. In modern conditions the problem of a great importance is the formation of such open spaces, which preserve the natural basis of the landscape or there are only separate on man-made elements. Open spaces are the most valuable from the point of view of "city-nature" relations, as they are the batteries of the ecological balance. The coastal areas are particularly valuable for the life activity and development of the modern urban environment in the socio-economic, functional planning, recreational and landscape-compositional meanings. The article summarizes the experience of design-projection of open spaces on the coastal areas of the Volga river in the framework of research and design school of "Design and Decorative Arts" Department, Volga Region State University of Service. The design projects are analyzed with in the presentation of the coastal areas as the places of people being and the areas of communication, as zones of ecological adaptation and an alternative to the natural environment.

Barsukova N.I.
AXIOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF THEORY AND METHODOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN ^{[№ 9 ' 2011]}
The paper formulates the concept of shaping the environment at the present stage, which focuses on the identification of new semantic relations determining the nature of the relationships man-environment-culture, caused by changes in the value system of modern society. It formulates axiological approach to the theory of environmental design.